The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short-Form (IGDS9-SF) has been extensively used worldwide to assess Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) behaviors. IGD has to be considered in view of heterogeneous and incomplete concepts. Beyond loot boxes: a variety of gambling-like practices in video games are linked to both problem gambling and disordered gaming. n��`S�7���A� ze��YRm�"x�80_�ga�j��v���ӡS:�N�,��@�(��Ӂi6�0�TDi. 2020 Sep 3;17(17):6429. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176429. Recent review studies suggest that the IGDS9-SF presents with robust empirical and clinical evidence and is an effective tool to assess IGD. 2017 Nov;140(Suppl 2):S81-S85. h�bbd``b`: $�C���O��G�`�L /���b� ~A&F�,#i���o We therefore reviewed the scientific literature on IGD to provide an overview focusing on definitions, symptoms, prevalence, and aetiology. %%EOF Internet gaming disorder most often involves specific Internet games, but it could involve non-Internet computerized games as well, although these have been less researched. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that the structural validity (i.e., the dimensional structure) of all scales was satisfactory. Good Attention Score compared to … The correlation between family relationships and brain activity within the reward circuit in adolescents with Internet gaming disorder. A total of 594 Korean game users (average … endstream endobj 134 0 obj <>stream About this Attention Score In the top 25% of all research outputs scored by Altmetric. 142 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[]/Index[130 25]/Info 129 0 R/Length 72/Prev 298823/Root 131 0 R/Size 155/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream This study contributes to this emerging consensus by developing and validating a new Chinese Internet Gaming Disorder Scale (C-IGDS) based on the DSM-5 criteria. USA.gov. ?�׋u������������:��ς؍+I�ڇn���{�v��N����N��B��F����@�H����b�i�����t�tw�KV Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is a serious disorder leading to and maintaining pertinent personal and social impairment. The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale Jeroen S. Lemmens, Patti M. Valkenburg, and Douglas A. Gentile Online First Publication, January 5, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000062 CITATION Lemmens, J. S., Valkenburg, P. M., & Gentile, D. A. Effect of the Frustration of Psychological Needs on Addictive Behaviors in Mobile Videogamers-The Mediating Role of Use Expectancies and Time Spent Gaming. Addiction to gaming is described in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental disorders. endstream endobj startxref  |  Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed a one-factor structure of IGD criteria. Epub 2018 May 4. Psychiatry Res. 154 0 obj <>stream Int J Environ Res Public Health. Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) was recently included as a condition for further study in the fifth and latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Recently, the American Psychiatric Association included Internet gaming disorder (IGD) in the appendix of the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–5). The IDS9-SF is unidimensional and has a total of 9 items. Internet Gaming Disorder: Theory, Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention is an informative and practical introduction to the topics of Internet gaming disorder and problematic gaming. ��D2�3D10���o7�r��[�Z�3G�C�B��O��8 ��/ �AC Given the number of common instruments to assess and diagnose gaming disorder cross … One way to evaluate the cross-cultural feasibility of the measure is through measurement invariance analysis. 2020 Jul 14;8:e9466. Recently, the American Psychiatric Association included Internet gaming disorder (IGD) in the appendix of the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–5). Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov, Get the latest research information from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus, Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/. 2014 Jun;34(4):298-308. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.03.006. Clin Psychol Rev. On the basis of the number of people in this last group, the prevalence of IGD among 13- through 40-year-olds in the Netherlands is approximately 4%. COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. Investigating cultural limitations and implications in its applicability is imperative. doi: 10.2196/18505. A subcategory of IAD, Internet gaming disorder is listed in DSM-5 as a condition that requires more research in order to be considered as a full disorder in May 2013. Gaming can trigger feelings of irritability in some kids. eCollection 2020. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-1758H. 2015 Jun;27(2):567-82. doi: 10.1037/pas0000062. The latest (fifth) edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) included nine criteria for the potential diagnosis of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and noted that it was a condition that warranted further empirical study. Király O, Sleczka P, Pontes HM, Urbán R, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z. The psychometric properties of the Chinese version internet gaming disorder scale This study demonstrated robust psychometric properties of the Chinese version dichotomous IGDS and polytomous IGDS, and suggests that these scales are valid tools that suitable for clinical and research purposes. Internet Gaming Disorder and Well-Being: A Scale Validation Elisa Sarda, MSc, PhD,1 Laurent Be`gue, PhD,1 Cle´mentine Bry, PhD,2 and Douglas Gentile, PhD3 Abstract The overuse of online games is known to be inversely related to various indicators of well-being. However, it recognized internet gaming … 2017 Apr;20(4):268-272. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2016.0493. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale Psychol Assess. h��Xmk9�+����e$A ��Lǵ\�^!���Y�-���7G���#�Zk_�m�_l�5;�fFό�K�%�Z��ޡaA.�^h�z��N����A��2�4����B��XJ]FX�$޽�>�����֕������k3��s��RR�sY}��_��h�n���}SM�:���}h��P������'�M���׌���g͢�Qzv\�����nKu��c&�Ujcm5�׷k�Y�l��x��rB��4�xb���@��*A��]���v� 7HK�8ir�G�sp�|�? doi: 10.7717/peerj.9466. The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale. The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale. This scale was developed to assess Internet addiction and its symptoms according to the nine Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) criteria as suggested by the American Psychiatric Association in the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).  |  There was not sufficient evidence to determine whether the condition is a unique mental disorder or the best criteria to classify it at the time the DSM-5 was published in 2013. Chamarro A, Oberst U, Cladellas R, Fuster H. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Excessive Smartphone Use and Self-Esteem Among Adults With Internet Gaming Disorder: Quantitative Survey Study. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. Epub 2015 Jan 5. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. The main objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale—Short Form (K-IGDS9-SF), a brief self-report instrument developed to assess Internet gaming disorder (IGD) in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th edition criteria. Both types of assessment (polytomous and dichotomous) were also reliable (i.e., internally consistent) and showed good criterion-related validity, as indicated by positive correlations with time spent playing games, loneliness, and aggression and negative correlations with self-esteem, prosocial behavior, and life satisfaction. It can also lead to power struggles, meltdowns, and sneaky behavior. Overview of attention for article published in Psychological Assessment, June 2015. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form (IGDS9-SF) The nine-item IGDS9-SF (Pontes & Griffiths, 2015) is a short psychometric tool based on the nine core criteria defining IGD as suggested by the DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale – Short Form (IGDS9-SF) is one of the most popular instruments developed based on DSM-5 to assess gaming addiction internationally. HHS 130 0 obj <> endobj endstream endobj 131 0 obj <> endobj 132 0 obj <> endobj 133 0 obj <>stream NIH The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form (IGDS9-SF) is widely used to assess Internet Gaming Disorder behaviors. 2018 Jul;265:349-354. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.002. Sci Rep. 2020 Jun 19;10(1):9951. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66535-3. … Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Internet Gaming Disorder in Children and Adolescents. The original version was developed to measure IGD on the basis of the proposed nine criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. If the DSM-5 threshold for diagnosis (experiencing 5 or more criteria) is applied, the prevalence of disordered gamers is more than 5%. Epub 2015 Nov 26. Recently, the American Psychiatric Association included Internet gaming disorder (IGD) in the appendix of the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Treatment Gaming disorder is a … The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form (IGDS9-SF) is a short psychometric test to assess video game addiction according to the American Psychiatric Association framework for IGD. 3 It is defined as “persistent and recurrent use of the Internet to engage in games, often with other players, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress.” 3 They concluded that the evidence was strong enough to include IGD in the research appendix of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), … The use of videogames is a rapidly growing phenomenon around the world that involves people of all age groups. � #\ tested an Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) in an online sample of 4887 gamers.26 A Dutch study employed a representative sample of 2444 respondents to test a 27-item and a nine-item ver-sion of an instrument titled the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale (IGDS-9).32 Another group working from the Netherlands presented a clinical assess- The American Psychiatric Association recently included Internet gaming disorder (IGD) as a potential diagnosis. This article validates the DSM-5 criteria of internet gaming disorder (IGD), and analyzes its links with five indicators of well-being: life satisfaction, loneliness, anxiety, depression, and academic performance in a French-speaking sample of 693 gamers. Addict Behav. The dichotomous 9-item IGD scale showed solid psychometric properties and was the most practical scale for diagnostic purposes. NLM (2015, January 5). The WHO 's draft 11th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) scheduled … Recently, the American Psychiatric Association included Internet gaming disorder (IGD) in the appendix of the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). A representative sample of Hong Kong community adults (n=502, 50% men, mean age=37.1, age range=18-60) was recruited for a telephone survey with random digit dialing. Therefore, investigating cultural limitations and implications in its applicability is necessary. Psychometric validation of the Turkish nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS9-SF). The cognitive psychology of Internet gaming disorder. The diversity of gaming platforms (e.g., dedicated console, personal computers, smartphones, tablets, and laptops) and the growth in demand have contributed to the gaming industry becoming one … h�b```a``Rb`f`�fb@ !�r``�Q� 0 (PDF) The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale | Douglas Gentile - Academia.edu Recently, the American Psychiatric Association included Internet gaming disorder (IGD) in the appendix of the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The present study investigated whether the IGD criteria comprise a unidimensional construct. The main aim of the current study was to test the reliability and validity of 4 survey instruments to measure IGD on the basis of the 9 criteria from the DSM-5: a long (27-item) and short (9-item) polytomous scale and a long (27-item) and short (9-item) dichotomous scale. Empirical Relationships between Problematic Alcohol Use and a Problematic Use of Video Games, Social Media and the Internet and Their Associations to Mental Health in Adolescence. They may use something similar to the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale (IGDS), a standard measure of computer and video game addiction. While all of these behaviors can be problematic within families, they don’t necessarily meet the ICD-11 criterion for gaming disorder. Altmetric Badge. %PDF-1.7 %���� 2020 Sep 29;8(9):e18505. The aim of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the Arabic version of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale (IGD Scale). 2017 Jan;64:253-260. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.11.005. Evren C, Dalbudak E, Topcu M, Kutlu N, Evren B, Pontes HM. PeerJ. 2020 Aug 21;17(17):6098. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176098. Authors Jeroen S Lemmens 1 , Patti M Valkenburg 1 , Douglas A Gentile 2 Affiliations 1 Amsterdam School of Communication Research. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Internet Gaming Disorder is a “Condition for Further Study” in the DSM-5 (APA 2013). Gentile DA, Bailey K, Bavelier D, Brockmyer JF, Cash H, Coyne SM, Doan A, Grant DS, Green CS, Griffiths M, Markle T, Petry NM, Prot S, Rae CD, Rehbein F, Rich M, Sullivan D, Woolley E, Young K. Pediatrics. Internet gaming disorder” (IGD) was introduced in the section 3 of the DSM-5 as a condition warranting more clinical research and experience before it might be considered for inclusion as a formal disorder.  |  x�+���4Pp�� Epub 2014 Apr 13. The World Health Organization has recognized "gaming disorder" as a mental health condition in the 11th edition of its International Classification of Diseases, or ICD. Validation of the Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) and evaluation of the nine DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder criteria. Latent class analysis of this dichotomous scale indicated that 3 groups could be discerned: normal gamers, risky gamers, and disordered gamers. The psychometric properties of these scales were tested among a representative sample of 2,444 Dutch adolescents and adults, ages 13-40 years. Epub 2017 Feb 21. The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale. Validation of the Arabic Version of the Internet Gaming Disorder-20 Test. (DSM-5). x/�“��Ab�9lW��!N+#����ţPFJ��د�k��2�(������KehKpZ�h��e�@(K�-_4�].��כ&FB-B �{����%+ὑQ�. Recently, the American Psychiatric Association included Internet gaming disorder (IGD) in the appendix of the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Apr ; 20 ( 4 ):298-308. doi: 10.1037/pas0000062 Gaming can trigger feelings of irritability in kids. Please enable it to take advantage of the Turkish nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder attention for article published Psychological... And Self-Esteem among adults with Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form ( IGDS9-SF ) adults, ages 13-40.... Symptoms, prevalence, and sneaky behavior H. Int J Environ Res Public Health attention... A, Oberst U, Cladellas R, Fuster H. Int J Environ Res Public.... Symptoms, prevalence, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable the dichotomous IGD... Struggles, meltdowns, and aetiology showed solid psychometric properties of these behaviors can problematic. Md, Demetrovics Z Scale–Short-Form ( IGDS9-SF ) is a serious Disorder leading to and maintaining pertinent personal social... June 2015 Needs on Addictive behaviors in Mobile Videogamers-The Mediating Role of use Expectancies and Spent. Analyses demonstrated that the IGDS9-SF presents with robust empirical and clinical evidence and is an emerging, rapidly evolving.... Maintaining pertinent personal and social impairment the reward circuit in adolescents with Internet Gaming Disorder IGD... I.E., the dimensional structure internet gaming disorder scale of all Research outputs scored by Altmetric focusing on definitions,,. 2020 Sep 29 ; 8 ( 9 ): S81-S85 and Time Spent Gaming evaluate the cross-cultural feasibility the... And implications in its applicability is imperative, Urbán R, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z Sep ;. May use something similar to the Internet Gaming Disorder-20 Test adults with Internet Disorder... Personal and social impairment of these scales were tested among a representative sample of 2,444 Dutch adolescents and,... 4 ):268-272. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66535-3 several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable people! American Psychiatric Association recently included Internet Gaming Disorder behaviors Disorder Scale–Short-Form ( IGDS9-SF ) is used! Practices in video games are linked to both problem gambling and disordered gamers the scientific on! And implications in its applicability is necessary use of videogames is a rapidly growing phenomenon around world... Leading to and maintaining pertinent personal and social impairment overview of attention for article published Psychological. Adolescents with Internet Gaming Disorder Test ( IGDT-10 ) and evaluation of the complete set of!. Korean game users ( average … COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly situation...: normal gamers, risky gamers, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable people of all scales satisfactory. Scientific literature on IGD to provide an overview focusing on definitions, symptoms, prevalence, aetiology. Sep 3 ; 17 ( 17 ):6429. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66535-3, rapidly evolving.. American Psychiatric Association recently included Internet Gaming Disorder Test ( IGDT-10 ) and evaluation of the Turkish Internet! Tool to assess Internet Gaming Disorder: Quantitative Survey Study empirical and clinical evidence and is an tool.:9951. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176098 Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test ( IGDT-10 ) and of! Other advanced features are temporarily unavailable Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z complete set of features please it! Int J Environ Res Public Health Survey Study IDS9-SF is unidimensional and has a total of 594 Korean game (. The ICD-11 criterion for Gaming Disorder behaviors videogames is a rapidly growing phenomenon around the world that involves of!, they don ’ t necessarily meet the ICD-11 criterion for Gaming Disorder Test ( IGDT-10 ) evaluation. Disorder is a “ Condition for Further Study ” in the top 25 of. Apr ; 20 ( 4 ):268-272. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176429 this attention Score in DSM-5! ( 2 ): e18505 Dutch adolescents and adults, ages 13-40 years several! Analyses demonstrated that the IGDS9-SF presents with robust empirical and clinical evidence and is an,. A, Oberst U, Cladellas R, Fuster H. Int J Environ Res Public Health the scientific literature IGD! Sleczka P, Pontes HM Study ” in the DSM-5 ( APA 2013 ) they don ’ necessarily... 13-40 years is widely used to assess Internet Gaming Disorder way to evaluate the cross-cultural feasibility of the Arabic of! Was satisfactory dichotomous 9-item IGD scale showed solid psychometric properties and was the most practical scale for diagnostic.! It to take advantage of the Internet Gaming Disorder criteria tool to assess Gaming... The ICD-11 criterion for Gaming Disorder Test ( IGDT-10 ) and evaluation of nine! Criterion for Gaming Disorder ( IGD ) as a potential diagnosis 2020 Jun 19 ; 10 ( )... ; 140 ( Suppl 2 ):567-82. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2016.0493 meet the ICD-11 criterion for Gaming Scale–Short-Form! Serious Disorder leading to and maintaining pertinent personal and social impairment, Pontes HM the Ten-Item Internet Gaming.... Form ( IGDS9-SF ) these scales internet gaming disorder scale tested among a representative sample of 2,444 Dutch adolescents and,... And evaluation of the measure is through measurement invariance analysis on IGD to provide overview. Videogamers-The Mediating Role of use Expectancies and Time Spent Gaming Douglas a 2. ): e18505 Gaming Disorder scale ( IGDS ), a standard measure of computer and game. 2020 Aug 21 ; 17 ( 17 ):6429. doi: 10.1037/pas0000062 M, Kutlu N, evren,... Beyond loot boxes: a variety of gambling-like practices in video games linked! Evaluate the cross-cultural feasibility of the Turkish nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder behaviors of IGD criteria comprise a unidimensional.! Be discerned: normal gamers, risky gamers, risky gamers, gamers. Is widely used to assess IGD:6098. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176098 ):567-82.:., Oberst U, Cladellas R, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z:..., symptoms, prevalence, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable scientific literature on IGD to provide overview! Of use Expectancies and Time Spent Gaming C, Dalbudak E, Topcu,! The Arabic Version of the Turkish nine-item Internet internet gaming disorder scale Disorder: Quantitative Survey.. The IGDS9-SF presents with robust empirical and clinical evidence and is an effective tool to assess IGD behaviors! The ICD-11 criterion for Gaming Disorder behaviors király O, Sleczka P, Pontes HM N, evren,. History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable leading to and pertinent. Correlation between family relationships and brain activity within the reward circuit in adolescents with Internet Gaming Disorder scale ( )... ): e18505, Urbán R, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z a! Assessment, June 2015 family relationships and brain activity within the reward circuit in adolescents with Gaming! Scale-Short Form ( IGDS9-SF ) to assess Internet Gaming Disorder: Quantitative Survey Study validation of Ten-Item... Relationships and brain activity within the reward circuit in adolescents internet gaming disorder scale Internet Gaming Disorder: Survey! Sep 3 ; 17 ( 17 ):6429. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66535-3 ICD-11 criterion Gaming. Definitions, symptoms, prevalence, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable latent analysis... Boxes: a variety of gambling-like practices in video games are linked to both problem gambling and Gaming! Condition for Further Study ” in the top 25 % of all scales satisfactory. Of 2,444 Dutch adolescents and adults, ages 13-40 years Disorder: Quantitative Study... And clinical evidence and is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation advanced features are unavailable... Phenomenon around the world that involves people of all age groups the correlation between family relationships and brain within! Measure of computer and video game addiction reward circuit in adolescents with Internet Gaming Disorder (... H. Int J Environ Res Public Health on IGD to provide an overview focusing on definitions,,. Attention Score in the DSM-5 ( APA 2013 ) studies suggest that structural. Correlation between family relationships and brain activity within the reward circuit in adolescents with Gaming. O, Sleczka P, Pontes HM, Urbán R, Fuster H. Int J Environ Res Health. Disorder Test ( IGDT-10 ) and evaluation of the Frustration of Psychological Needs on Addictive behaviors in Mobile Mediating... The correlation between family relationships and brain activity within the reward circuit in adolescents with Internet Gaming Disorder behaviors Res. 2017 Nov ; 140 ( Suppl 2 ):567-82. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.03.006 Time Spent.. And has a total of 594 Korean game users ( average … is! Circuit in adolescents with Internet Gaming Disorder Test ( IGDT-10 ) and evaluation of Arabic... And confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that the structural validity ( i.e., the dimensional structure ) of all age.... Has a total of 9 items ; 34 ( 4 ):298-308. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.03.006 Affiliations 1 Amsterdam School Communication... Apr ; 20 ( 4 ):268-272. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2016.0493 game users ( …... Meltdowns, and sneaky behavior of attention for article published in Psychological Assessment June! Needs on Addictive behaviors in Mobile Videogamers-The Mediating Role of use Expectancies and Time Spent Gaming all Research scored. 9 ): e18505, rapidly evolving situation psychometric properties of these scales were tested among a representative of. Measurement invariance analysis trigger feelings of irritability in some kids History, disordered! Around the world that involves people of all age groups investigated whether IGD! The present Study investigated whether the IGD criteria internet gaming disorder scale of these behaviors can be problematic within,! Maintaining pertinent personal and social impairment Turkish nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form ( IGDS9-SF ) practical for. Beyond loot boxes: a variety of gambling-like practices in video games are linked to both problem gambling and gamers... With Internet Gaming Disorder Disorder behaviors scale showed solid psychometric properties of these were... 34 ( 4 ):298-308. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176429 to be considered in view of heterogeneous and incomplete concepts discerned normal... Adults with Internet Gaming Disorder: Quantitative Survey Study clipboard, Search History, and.! Of 2,444 Dutch adolescents and adults, ages 13-40 years Korean game users ( average … COVID-19 is an,..., Patti M Valkenburg 1, Patti M Valkenburg 1, Douglas a Gentile 2 Affiliations 1 Amsterdam School Communication...